Category: Points of Interest

Southern Nevada Consolidated Telegraph Company

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The Southern Nevada Consolidated Telephone- Telegraph Company Building is located in Goldfield, Nevada and Nevada State Historic Marker #242. Photo by James L Rathbun
The Southern Nevada Consolidated Telephone- Telegraph Company Building is located in Goldfield, Nevada and Nevada State Historic Marker #242. Photo by James L Rathbun

The Southern Nevada Consolidated Telephone-Telegraph Company (SNCTTC) played a pivotal role in the communications infrastructure of Goldfield, Nevada, during its gold rush boom from 1902 to the early 1920s. Housed in a modest, single-story stone building at 206 East Ramsey Street, the company operated as the communications hub of Goldfield from 1906 to 1963. Designated Nevada Historical Marker No. 242, the building is part of the Goldfield Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. This report outlines the company’s history, its significance in the context of Goldfield’s prosperity, the building’s architectural features, and its enduring legacy as a preserved relic of Nevada’s mining era.

Historical Background

Goldfield’s emergence as a major gold-producing center began in 1902 when prospectors Harry Stimler and William Marsh discovered rich ore deposits, leading to a population boom that peaked at over 20,000 by 1907. During this period, Goldfield was Nevada’s largest city, boasting four railroads, electric lights, and other modern amenities, including a burgeoning telephone and telegraph network. The Southern Nevada Consolidated Telephone-Telegraph Company was established to meet the growing demand for rapid communication, critical for coordinating mining operations, stock trading, and social connections in a bustling boomtown.

Telephone and telegraph lines first extended from Tonopah to Goldfield in January 1904, laying the groundwork for the company’s operations. The SNCTTC building, constructed in 1905, became operational as the communications center by 1906, though some sources note 1908 as the start of its primary use. By mid-1907, at the height of Goldfield’s boom, the company’s services were indispensable, linking miners, investors, and businesses in real time. Notably, Jim Casey, co-founder of United Parcel Service (UPS), operated a messenger service from the building in 1906, highlighting its role as a nexus of early entrepreneurial activity.

Goldfield’s fortunes declined after 1910 as gold production fell from $8.4 million in 1907 to $5 million by 1912. A flash flood in 1913 damaged infrastructure, and a catastrophic fire in 1923 destroyed 53 blocks of downtown, sparing only a few stone buildings, including the SNCTTC’s. Despite these setbacks, the company continued operations, serving a shrinking population through the mid-20th century. By 1963, advancements in telecommunications and Goldfield’s diminished status—its population dropping to under 300—led to the cessation of the company’s services in the building. Today, Esmeralda County, with Goldfield as its seat, remains the area’s largest employer.

Architectural Features

The SNCTTC building is a small but well-preserved example of early 20th-century commercial architecture, designed for functionality and durability. Its key features include:

  • Exterior: The one-story structure, measuring approximately 20 by 30 feet, is constructed of local sandstone, giving it a sturdy, fire-resistant quality that allowed it to survive the 1923 fire. The facade features a single door flanked by two windows, with a simple, unadorned design typical of utilitarian buildings in mining towns. A Nevada Historical Marker is mounted to the left of the entrance.
  • Interior: Though not extensively documented, the interior likely housed telegraph and telephone equipment, operator stations, and minimal furnishings suited to a working office. Its compact size suggests efficient use of space for communication operations.
  • Craftsmanship: The building’s stonework reflects the skill of turn-of-the-century craftsmen, with neatly cut blocks and solid construction that have withstood decades of neglect and environmental wear.

Located near the Goldfield Consolidated Mines Company Building and the Curtis and Ish Building, the SNCTTC structure contrasts with their larger scale, emphasizing its modest but essential role. Its survival as one of only five pre-1923 commercial buildings in Goldfield underscores its architectural and historical value.

Cultural and Historical Significance

The Southern Nevada Consolidated Telephone-Telegraph Company was integral to Goldfield’s economic and social fabric during its boom years (1904–1910). Telephones and telegraphs enabled instant communication, crucial for mining companies coordinating operations, investors trading shares on the Goldfield Stock Exchange, and residents connecting with the outside world. At its peak, Goldfield’s infrastructure rivaled larger cities, and the SNCTTC facilitated this modernity, linking the town to Tonopah, Reno, and beyond.

The building’s survival through natural disasters and economic decline symbolizes Goldfield’s resilience. Its designation as Nevada Historical Marker No. 242, erected by the State Historic Preservation Office and the Central Nevada Historical Society, recognizes its role as an “unspoiled expression of the work of turn-of-the-century craftsmen” and a testament to the business life of the Tonopah-Goldfield region when mines produced millions, bringing prosperity to Nevada. The company’s operations from 1906 to 1963 also reflect the evolution of communication technology, from manual switchboards to automated systems, bridging the gap between the Wild West and the modern era.

Culturally, the SNCTTC building contributes to Goldfield’s identity as a “living ghost town.” It attracts historians, tourists, and preservationists exploring the Goldfield Historic District, alongside landmarks like the Esmeralda County Courthouse and Goldfield Hotel. Its association with Jim Casey adds a layer of intrigue, tying it to broader American entrepreneurial history. Unlike the nearby Goldfield Hotel, the SNCTTC building carries no paranormal lore, grounding its significance in tangible history rather than myth.

Current Status

As of April 2025, the SNCTTC building remains standing at 206 East Ramsey Street, within the Goldfield Historic District. It is no longer operational as a communications center and is privately owned, with limited public access. The structure is in good condition, its sandstone exterior largely intact, though it sees minimal use beyond its historical designation. The Nevada Historical Marker ensures visibility to visitors, and the Goldfield Historical Society promotes its significance through walking tours and events like Goldfield Days, held annually in August.

Goldfield’s small population (approximately 250) and remote location pose challenges for preservation, but the building faces no immediate threats. Its proximity to other historic sites, such as the courthouse (0.1 miles away) and the Goldfield Community Center (500 feet away), enhances its appeal as part of a broader historical narrative. Tourism, driven by interest in Nevada’s mining heritage and attractions like the International Car Forest, supports ongoing efforts to maintain such landmarks, though funding relies heavily on donations and grants.

Nevada State Historic Marker 242

This building was the communications center of Goldfield from 1908 until 1963.  The Consolidated Telephone-Telegraph Company Building was one of the few spared by a fire that destroyed 53 blocks of the downtown area in 1923.  Today, this building survives as an unspoiled expression of the work of turn-of-the-century craftsman, and serves as an example of the business life in the Tonopah-Goldfield area from the years when the mines were producing millions and bringing new prosperity to Nevada.  From 1904 to 1910, the gold mines of the region boomed.  With more than 15,000 people, Goldfield was the largest city in Nevada during that period, having four railroads and other modern conveniences.  The town was damaged by a flash flood in 1913 and mining was in decline, so many people left the area.  The fire of 1923 caused the remaining residents to leave.  Today the largest employer in Goldfield is Esmeralda County.

STATE HISTORIC MARKER NO.  242

STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE

CENTRAL NEVADA HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Marker Summary

NameSouthern Nevada Consolidated Telegraph Company
LocationEsmeralda County, Nevada
Nevada State Historic Marker242
Latitude, Longitude37.7093, -117.2352

Conclusion

The Southern Nevada Consolidated Telephone-Telegraph Company was a vital cog in Goldfield’s gold rush machinery, providing essential communication services from 1906 to 1963. Its unassuming stone building, built in 1905, survived floods, fires, and economic decline to stand as one of Goldfield’s few remaining pre-1923 structures. As Nevada Historical Marker No. 242, it embodies the craftsmanship and ambition of a boomtown that briefly outshone all others in the state. The company’s legacy lies in its facilitation of Goldfield’s prosperity, connecting a remote desert town to the wider world during an era of unprecedented wealth. Today, the building serves as a quiet monument to Nevada’s mining past, preserved for future generations to explore within the Goldfield Historic District.

Recommendations

  • Preservation Efforts: Encourage the Goldfield Historical Society to seek grants, such as those from the National Park Service’s Save America’s Treasures program, to fund maintenance and protect the building’s stonework from weathering.
  • Public Access: Develop guided tours or interpretive signage to educate visitors about the company’s role, enhancing the building’s visibility without compromising its integrity.
  • Historical Research: Support archival studies to uncover more details about the company’s operations, such as employee records or equipment used, to enrich its narrative.
  • Tourism Promotion: Integrate the SNCTTC building into regional heritage trails, linking it with Tonopah’s Mizpah Hotel and Rhyolite’s ghost town to attract more visitors to Central Nevada.

Sources

Mizpah Hotel

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Mizpah Hotel, Tonopah Nevada. Photo by James L Rathbun
Mizpah Hotel, Tonopah Nevada. Photo by James L Rathbun

The Mizpah Hotel, located at 100 N. Main Street in Tonopah, Nye County, Nevada, is a five-story historic landmark constructed in 1907–1908 during the region’s silver boom. Heralded as “the finest stone hotel in the desert,” it served as a social and economic hub for Tonopah’s mining elite and remains a member of Historic Hotels of America, listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1978. At its opening, it tied with the nearby Belvada Building as Nevada’s tallest structure until 1927. Renowned for its Victorian elegance and reputed hauntings, particularly the “Lady in Red,” the Mizpah has endured boom-and-bust cycles, closing in 1999 before a 2011 restoration by Fred and Nancy Cline. This report details the hotel’s history, architecture, cultural significance, paranormal lore, and current status, highlighting its role in Nevada’s mining heritage.

Historical Background

Tonopah’s history began in 1900 when prospector Jim Butler discovered silver ore, reportedly after chasing a wayward burro. By 1901, the town’s population surged from a few dozen to 650, peaking at around 3,000 by 1910 as mines produced millions in silver and gold. Tonopah, dubbed the “Queen of the Silver Camps,” became Nye County’s seat, attracting investors, politicians, and adventurers. The Mizpah Hotel emerged from this prosperity, replacing the Mizpah Saloon and Grill, Tonopah’s first permanent structure, opened in 1907.

Financed by prominent Nevada figures—George Wingfield, George S. Nixon, Cal Brougher, and Bob Govan—the hotel was built to host the mining elite and eastern investors. Construction began in 1907 at a cost of $200,000 (approximately $6.5 million in 2025 dollars), with a grand opening on November 17, 1908. Designed by architect Morrill J. Curtis (though some sources credit George E. Holesworth), the hotel symbolized Tonopah’s ambition, boasting luxury rare for a desert mining town.

The Mizpah thrived as Tonopah’s social epicenter, hosting figures like Tasker Oddie (later Nevada governor and U.S. senator) and Key Pittman (U.S. senator, 1913–1940). Legends, though debunked, suggest Wyatt Earp tended bar, Jack Dempsey worked as a bouncer, and Howard Hughes married Jean Peters here. The hotel housed the Tonopah Banking Corporation’s vault, facilitating high-stakes transactions. By the 1920s, silver production waned, and Tonopah’s population dwindled. The Mizpah adapted, introducing gaming in the 1940s with roulette, craps, blackjack, and slot machines.

Economic shifts led to multiple closures, notably in 1999 after years of decline. In 2011, Fred and Nancy Cline, owners of Cline Cellars in Sonoma, California, purchased and restored the hotel, motivated by Nancy’s family ties—her grandmother Emma Bunting was Goldfield’s first postal matron, and her great-uncle Harry Ramsey was a Tonopah pioneer. Reopened in August 2011, the Mizpah regained its status as a cultural and economic anchor, bolstered by Tonopah’s emerging green energy sector, including solar projects creating over 800 jobs by 2011.

Architectural Features

The beautiful lobby of the world famous Mizpah Hotel in Tonopah, Nevada
The beautiful lobby of the world famous Mizpah Hotel in Tonopah, Nevada

The Mizpah Hotel is a striking example of early 20th-century Victorian architecture adapted to a desert mining town. Its design prioritized luxury and durability, with key features including:

  • Exterior: Built with reinforced concrete, the facade is clad in light sandstone, blending with the desert landscape, while brick covers the sides and rear. Cast-iron columns frame windows and fire escapes, and the five-story structure, crowned with a simple cornice, was tied as Nevada’s tallest until 1927. The adjacent three-story Brougher-Govan Block, part of the original complex, connects via a wooden stairway under a skylight.
  • Interior: The lobby exudes Victorian opulence with crimson carpets, brass chandeliers, stained-glass windows, and antique furnishings like oak furniture and Victorian settees. The original Tonopah Banking Corporation vault remains in the lobby, viewable in its 1908 state. Mosaic tile floors grace the entrance, and period decor, including antique cash registers, enhances the ambiance.
  • Amenities: The hotel featured Nevada’s first electric elevator west of the Mississippi, still operational with vintage permits displayed. Guest rooms, originally 56, included hot and cold running water, steam heat, and electric lights—luxuries for the era. Claw-foot bathtubs adorned select suites, and the bar stocked premium whiskey.
  • Modern Updates: The 2011 restoration preserved historic elements while adding modern comforts: 47 rooms with high-thread-count linens, flat-screen TVs, and free Wi-Fi. The Pittman Café and Jack Dempsey Room restaurants, plus the Mizpah Club casino, blend retro charm with contemporary appeal.

The hotel’s robust construction ensured its survival through economic downturns and natural challenges, unlike many wooden structures lost to fires in early Tonopah.

Cultural and Historical Significance

The Mizpah Hotel encapsulates Tonopah’s silver boom and Nevada’s frontier spirit. As the town’s social and economic hub, it hosted deal-making among mining magnates and politicians, with the bank vault symbolizing Tonopah’s wealth. Its grandeur—leaded-glass windows, electric elevator, and lavish furnishings—set it apart from rudimentary mining camps, reflecting a sophisticated vision for the “Silver State,” second only to Virginia City in silver production.

The hotel’s history intertwines with notable events, like the debunked tale of Senator Key Pittman’s death in 1940. Legend claims supporters hid his body in a bathtub of ice at the Mizpah to secure a Democratic victory, but historians confirm Pittman died post-election, likely from a heart attack. Such stories, amplified by works like The Green Felt Jungle (1963), add to the hotel’s mystique, as do unverified ties to figures like Earp and Dempsey.

Culturally, the Mizpah endures as a time capsule, preserved through efforts like the Clines’ restoration. Its inclusion in Historic Hotels of America since 2013 underscores its national significance. The hotel attracts history buffs and tourists via events like Jim Butler Days, celebrating Tonopah’s founder, and draws adventurers exploring nearby sites like the Tonopah Historic Mining Park, Old Tonopah Cemetery, and the quirky Clown Motel. Its reputed hauntings, voted #1 Haunted Hotel by USA Today in 2018, enhance its allure, blending history with supernatural intrigue.

Paranormal Claims

The Mizpah’s reputation as one of America’s most haunted hotels stems from tales popularized after its 2011 reopening, notably featured on Ghost Adventures (2012) and USA Today’s 2018 and 2022 rankings (#1 and #7, respectively). The most famous spirit is the “Lady in Red,” believed to be a prostitute named Rose, murdered on the fifth floor (rooms 502–504) by a jealous lover or husband in the 1920s. Guests report her apparition in a red gown, whispers, the scent of roses, and pearls left under pillows, supposedly from a broken necklace. Variations of her story—strangled or stabbed—lack historical records, suggesting embellishment for tourism.

Other reported spirits include:

  • Spectral Miners: Apparitions in old-fashioned clothing with pickaxes, tied to Tonopah’s mining past, seen in the basement near the bank vault. A tale claims two robbers were killed there by an accomplice, their bodies left undiscovered.
  • Playful Children: Giggling and footsteps on the third floor, attributed to ghostly children playing tricks like opening doors.
  • Nameless Soldier: A spirit haunting the third and fourth floors, possibly a soldier who died at the hotel, though details are vague.

Skeptics note the absence of contemporary evidence for these stories, and historians like those at the Central Nevada Museum suggest they emerged to boost the hotel’s profile post-restoration. Guests are encouraged to log paranormal experiences in a lobby book, and ghost tours, free with stays, explore the hotel’s eerie lore, enhancing its appeal to thrill-seekers.

Current Status

As of April 2025, the Mizpah Hotel operates as a luxury boutique hotel with 47 rooms, starting at approximately $128 per night for a Queen Economy room. Amenities include the Pittman Café, Jack Dempsey Room (fine dining, though occasionally closed), and the Mizpah Club casino with slots and periodic table games. The bar serves local brews and the Clines’ Lady in Red wine, and the lobby gift shop sells souvenirs. The hotel offers free parking, Wi-Fi, and a fitness center, with a 24-hour front desk and ghost tours available upon request.

Restored to its 1908 grandeur, the Mizpah retains original elements like the elevator, vault, and claw-foot tubs in suites such as the Lady in Red and Jim & Belle Butler, the latter featuring a wagon-frame bed. Located halfway between Reno and Las Vegas on U.S. Route 95, it’s a popular stop for road-trippers, 4 minutes from the Tonopah Historic Mining Park and 25 miles from Goldfield. Tonopah’s population, around 2,000, supports a small but vibrant community, with the hotel as its centerpiece.

The Clines’ ownership ensures ongoing preservation, though challenges include maintaining aging infrastructure and staffing in a remote town. The hotel’s success ties to Tonopah’s tourism, bolstered by attractions like the Central Nevada Museum and Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. No major threats to its operation exist, and its haunted reputation continues to draw visitors, especially during Halloween and summer festivals.

Conclusion

The Mizpah Hotel stands as a testament to Tonopah’s silver rush and Nevada’s frontier legacy. Built in 1907, its Victorian elegance—electric elevator, bank vault, and opulent decor—made it a beacon of prosperity, hosting the era’s elite. Despite economic fluctuations and a 1999 closure, its 2011 restoration by Fred and Nancy Cline revived its role as a cultural and economic hub, blending history with modern comforts. While tales of the Lady in Red and other spirits add intrigue, their lack of historical backing highlights the hotel’s savvy use of lore to attract tourists. As a Historic Hotels of America member, the Mizpah remains a vital link to Nevada’s past, offering guests a luxurious step into the Wild West.

Recommendations

  • Preservation Support: Encourage donations to Historic Hotels of America or the Tonopah Historic Mining Park to fund maintenance of the Mizpah’s aging features, like the elevator and stained glass.
  • Historical Clarity: Partner with local historians to document verified events, separating fact from folklore to enrich educational tours without diminishing the hotel’s mystique.
  • Tourism Integration: Promote the Mizpah within a regional itinerary, linking it to Goldfield, Rhyolite, and Death Valley to boost Central Nevada’s heritage tourism.
  • Community Events: Expand ghost tours and history talks during Jim Butler Days to engage locals and visitors, fostering pride in Tonopah’s legacy.

Esmeralda County Courthouse

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The court house in Goldfield, Nevada is the Esmeralda County Courthouse and Nevada State Historic Marker #80. Photo by James L Rathbun
The court house in Goldfield, Nevada is the Esmeralda County Courthouse and Nevada State Historic Marker #80. Photo by James L Rathbun

The Esmeralda County Courthouse, located at the northeast corner of Crook Avenue (U.S. Route 95) and Euclid Avenue in Goldfield, Esmeralda County, Nevada, is a historic two-story building constructed in 1907. As the county seat’s primary government building, it has served continuously as a courthouse since its opening, a rare distinction among Nevada’s boomtown-era courthouses. Listed as a contributing property in the Goldfield Historic District, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 14, 1982. This report explores the courthouse’s historical context, architectural features, cultural significance, and current status, emphasizing its role as a preserved symbol of Goldfield’s gold rush prosperity.

Historical Background

Goldfield emerged as a boomtown in 1902 after gold discoveries by prospectors Harry Stimler and William Marsh, transforming a desolate desert region into Nevada’s largest city by 1906, with a peak population of approximately 20,000. Between 1903 and 1940, Goldfield’s mines produced over $86 million in precious metals, fueling rapid development. Esmeralda County, established in 1861, initially had its county seat in Aurora, then Hawthorne, before relocating to Goldfield in 1907 to reflect the town’s economic dominance. The courthouse was built that year at a cost of $125,000, which included office furniture and a jail constructed by the Pauly Jail Company.

Virgil Earp 1843 -1905
Virgil Earp 1843 -1905

The courthouse’s establishment coincided with Goldfield’s peak, a period marked by modern amenities like electricity, telephones, and lavish hotels. It served as the administrative heart of a bustling city that hosted banks, newspapers, and a stock exchange. Notable figures, including Wyatt and Virgil Earp, were part of Goldfield’s early history, with Virgil briefly serving as a deputy sheriff in 1905. The courthouse also played a role in significant events, such as the 1906 Gans-Nelson lightweight boxing championship, commemorated by a monument in front of the building, notable as the longest fight in modern boxing history and the first where a minority boxer won.

Goldfield’s decline began around 1910 as gold production fell, dropping from $8.4 million in 1907 to $5 million by 1912. A 1913 flash flood and a 1923 fire, which destroyed 54 square blocks, devastated much of the town, reducing its population to about 1,500 by 1920. Unlike many Nevada courthouses abandoned during mining busts, the Esmeralda County Courthouse endured, maintaining its function through economic hardship and natural disasters, a testament to Goldfield’s resilience as a “living ghost town.”

Architectural Features

The Esmeralda County Courthouse is a well-preserved example of early 20th-century civic architecture, blending Classical Revival elements with practical design suited to a mining boomtown. Key architectural features include:

  • Exterior: Constructed with native sandstone, the two-story building exudes permanence and grandeur. Its rectangular footprint is accented by a symmetrical facade, with the main entrance on Crook Avenue. The stonework, sourced locally, reflects the region’s mining wealth and contrasts with the wooden structures common in early Goldfield.
  • Interior: The interior retains much of its original decor, transporting visitors to the early 1900s. The recorder’s office features a three-door steel vault, a nod to the era’s security needs. The main hallway is lined with historic ranch brands, old newspapers, and artifacts from Goldfield’s heyday. Original 1907-style fire hoses remain bolted to the walls, and electric lighting fixtures, upgraded from gas, preserve the period aesthetic.
  • Courtroom: Located on the second floor, the courtroom is a highlight, furnished with an original steel bench and backdrop, complemented by Tiffany & Co. lamps—luxuries that underscored Goldfield’s wealth. The space remains in use, offering a frozen-in-time glimpse of early 20th-century judicial proceedings.
  • Jail: A functional jail, built by the Pauly Jail Company, operates at the rear, with a sturdy design typical of the era’s penal facilities. It continues to serve its original purpose, occasionally housing inmates.

The courthouse’s design prioritized durability, surviving the 1923 fire that leveled much of Goldfield. Its robust construction and continuous use distinguish it from other Nevada courthouses, such as the Belmont Courthouse, which fell into disrepair after its county seat status shifted.

Cultural and Historical Significance

The Esmeralda County Courthouse is a cornerstone of the Goldfield Historic District, embodying the town’s meteoric rise and enduring legacy. During Goldfield’s boom (1904–1909), the courthouse anchored the county’s political and legal systems, processing mining claims, marriages, and criminal cases in a city teeming with fortune seekers. Its Tiffany lamps and elegant furnishings reflected a sophistication rare for a desert mining camp, aligning with Goldfield’s reputation as home to “the finest hotels between Denver and San Francisco.”

The courthouse’s continuous operation sets it apart from other Nevada boomtown relics, many of which were abandoned as populations dwindled. It remains a working museum, offering free admission to visitors who can explore historic photographs, original furniture, and artifacts. The Goldfield Historical Society, instrumental in its preservation, relies on donations to maintain the building, ensuring its role as a window into Nevada’s Wild West past.

Culturally, the courthouse ties to Goldfield’s colorful history, including the 1906 boxing match that drew national attention and symbolized racial progress. It also connects to broader narratives of the American West, with figures like the Earp brothers and promoter Tex Rickard, who staged the fight and later built Madison Square Garden, leaving their mark on the town. The courthouse’s survival through floods, fires, and economic decline underscores Goldfield’s identity as a living ghost town, where history remains tangible.

Current Status

As of April 2025, the Esmeralda County Courthouse continues to serve as the seat of county government, housing offices for the sheriff, DMV, assessor, and justice court. With Goldfield’s population at approximately 250 and Esmeralda County under 800, the courthouse remains a vital hub for local governance. It is open to the public during regular business hours (Monday–Friday, 8:00 AM–12:00 PM and 1:00 PM–5:00 PM), offering free self-guided tours of its historic features. County employees, described as friendly and knowledgeable, often provide impromptu guided tours, sharing stories of Goldfield’s past.

The courthouse is in excellent condition, thanks to preservation efforts by the Goldfield Historical Society and community support. Donations are encouraged to fund ongoing maintenance, ensuring the building’s artifacts and decor remain intact. The jail at the rear remains operational, and the courtroom occasionally hosts proceedings, maintaining its historical function. The Gans-Nelson monument out front draws visitors interested in boxing history, while the courthouse’s proximity to other attractions, like the Goldfield Hotel and Historic Cemetery, makes it a key stop on Goldfield’s historic walking tour.

The building faces no immediate threats, though its remote location and small population limit funding for large-scale restoration projects. The Goldfield Historical Society’s advocacy, including a website and events like Goldfield Days, promotes the courthouse as part of the town’s heritage tourism, alongside quirky attractions like the International Car Forest and Gemfield rockhounding.

Conclusion

The Esmeralda County Courthouse stands as a enduring symbol of Goldfield’s gold rush era, encapsulating the ambition, wealth, and resilience of a once-thriving boomtown. Built in 1907, its native sandstone structure, Tiffany lamps, and preserved courtroom evoke a time when Goldfield was Nevada’s largest city. Unlike many contemporary courthouses abandoned in mining busts, it has served continuously for over a century, a rare feat that highlights its historical and architectural significance. As a contributing property in the Goldfield Historic District, it draws visitors seeking to explore Nevada’s Wild West heritage, from mining history to tales of the Earp brothers and landmark boxing matches. Ongoing preservation ensures its legacy, making it a must-visit landmark in Goldfield’s living ghost town.

Recommendations

  • Preservation Funding: Increase support for the Goldfield Historical Society through grants or state funding to maintain the courthouse’s artifacts and structure, preventing wear from age and tourism.
  • Tourism Promotion: Integrate the courthouse into broader Nevada heritage trails, emphasizing its unique continuous use and Tiffany lamps to attract history enthusiasts.
  • Educational Outreach: Develop digital exhibits or partner with the Central Nevada Museum to share the courthouse’s stories, including verified accounts of its role in Goldfield’s boom, countering myths like those surrounding the nearby Goldfield Hotel.
  • Community Engagement: Encourage local events, like Goldfield Days, to feature courthouse tours, boosting awareness and donations while highlighting its role alongside other historic sites.

Sources

The Goldfield Hotel

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The Goldfield Hotel located in Goldfield Nevada. Photo by James L Rathbun
The Goldfield Hotel located in Goldfield Nevada. Photo by James L Rathbun

The Goldfield Hotel, located at the southeast corner of Crook Avenue (U.S. Route 95) and Columbia Avenue in Goldfield, Esmeralda County, Nevada, is a historic four-story building that stands as a testament to the region’s gold rush era. Constructed in 1907–1908, the hotel was once the epitome of luxury in Nevada, earning accolades as the finest hotel between Chicago and San Francisco. Today, it is a prominent landmark in the Goldfield Historic District, listed on the Nevada State Register of Historic Places in 1981 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Despite its grandeur, the hotel has been closed to guests since 1945 and is renowned for its reportedly haunted reputation. This report provides an overview of the hotel’s history, architecture, cultural significance, paranormal claims, and current status.

Historical Background

Goldfield, Nevada, emerged as a boomtown in 1902 following the discovery of gold, growing to become the largest city in Nevada by 1906 with a population of approximately 20,000. The Goldfield Hotel was built during the peak of this prosperity, replacing two earlier hotels on the same site that had burned down in 1905 and 1906. The hotel was commissioned by the Goldfield Realty Company, with initial ownership by J. Franklin Douglas and other investors, before being acquired by mining magnate George Wingfield and his partner Casey McDannell through the Bonanza Hotel Company.

Opened in June 1908, the hotel was celebrated with a lavish ceremony, rumored to have featured champagne flowing down its grand staircase. It catered to the elite, including miners, bankers, and other affluent visitors drawn to Goldfield’s wealth. However, the town’s fortunes declined rapidly after 1910 as gold production waned, dropping from $8.4 million in 1907 to $5 million by 1912. A flash flood in 1913 and a devastating fire in 1923, which destroyed much of Goldfield, further diminished the town’s vitality. By 1920, the population had dwindled to about 1,500.

The hotel changed hands several times after Wingfield sold it in 1923 to Newton Crumley, who unsuccessfully attempted mining beneath the property. It served as housing for officers and their families from the Tonopah Air Field during World War II (1943–1945), marking its last use as a functioning hotel. Since then, it has remained closed, passing through various owners with intermittent restoration attempts.

Architectural Features

Designed by architects Morrill J. Curtis and George E. Holesworth of the Reno-based firm Curtis and Morrill, the Goldfield Hotel is a prime example of Classical Revival architecture. The U-shaped building measures 180 feet along Columbia Street, with north and south wings extending 100 feet along Crook Avenue and an alleyway, respectively. Key architectural elements include:

  • Exterior: The ground floor features grey granite stones from Rocklin, California, while upper stories are constructed with redbrick. A white cornice crowns the top floor, adding to its regal appearance. The U-shape design ensured that each guest room had an exterior window.
  • Interior: The hotel originally contained 150 sleeping rooms and 45 suites, most sharing claw-foot bathtubs and toilets but equipped with running water—a luxury at the time. The mahogany-paneled lobby boasted gold-leaf ceilings, crystal chandeliers, and black leather furniture. A saloon and a dining room, named the Grill, extended the width of the building, featuring plate glass windows overlooking Crook Street.
  • Innovations: The hotel was equipped with steam heat from an on-site power plant, electric lights, and telephones in each room. Its Otis elevator, running at 300 feet per minute, was one of the fastest west of the Mississippi and a rare feature for the era.

The building was designed to be fireproof, with black metal fire escapes on upper floors and mosaic tile flooring in public areas, including the pillared porch and balconies overlooking the street.

Cultural and Historical Significance

The Goldfield Hotel is a symbol of Nevada’s gold rush era and the fleeting prosperity of boomtowns. At its peak, it was a hub for the social and economic elite, reflecting Goldfield’s status as a sophisticated mining city with newspapers, banks, and a stock exchange. Its opulence stood in contrast to the rough-and-tumble image of earlier Wild West towns, showcasing a blend of refinement and ambition.

The hotel has also left a mark on popular culture, appearing in films such as Vanishing Point (1971), Cherry 2000 (1987), and Ghosts of Goldfield (2007). Its reputed hauntings have made it a focal point for paranormal enthusiasts, featured on television programs like Ghost Adventures (2004, 2011, 2013), Ghost Hunters (2008), and FOX’s World’s Scariest Places. These appearances have cemented its reputation as one of the most haunted buildings in the United States, drawing tourists and investigators to Goldfield.

As part of the Goldfield Historic District, Rosecrans Avenue, the hotel contributes to the preservation of Nevada’s mining heritage. The Goldfield Historical Society, which advocates for its restoration, received a $296,000 grant from the National Park Service’s Save America’s Treasures program to support preservation efforts, highlighting its value as a historical resource.

Paranormal Claims

The Goldfield Hotel’s reputation as a haunted site stems largely from stories popularized in the 1980s by former owner Shirley Porter. The most famous tale involves a woman named Elizabeth, allegedly a prostitute and mistress of George Wingfield, who was supposedly chained to a radiator in Room 109 during her pregnancy and either murdered or abandoned after giving birth. Her child is said to have been thrown into a mine shaft beneath the hotel. Other reported spirits include:

  • Two individuals who reportedly committed suicide on the third floor—one by jumping and another by hanging.
  • A malevolent entity nicknamed “The Stabber” in the dining room, said to threaten visitors with a knife before vanishing.
  • Three child spirits haunting the lobby staircase, known for playful antics like tapping visitors’ backs.
  • George Wingfield himself, whose presence is suggested by cigar smoke and ashes near the lobby staircase.

Notable paranormal incidents include a 2004 Ghost Adventures episode where a brick in the basement appeared to levitate and move violently, startling host Zak Bagans. Visitors have reported strange sounds, temperature shifts, and feelings of unease. However, some historians, such as those at the Central Nevada Museum, note inconsistencies in these stories, suggesting many may have been fabricated to boost tourism. For instance, the timeline of Elizabeth’s story does not align with Wingfield’s ownership, and no contemporary records corroborate her existence.

Current Status

The Goldfield Hotel has been closed to the public since 1945, though guided tours, including ghost tours, are offered by appointment through the Goldfield Historical Society. These tours, priced at $20 per person, are available on Thursday evenings, Fridays from 12:00 PM to 9:00 PM, and Saturdays from 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM, lasting about an hour. Paranormal investigations are also available, with pricing based on group size and scope.

In 2022, the hotel was listed for sale for $4.9 million, including an assay office, an auto repair shop, a workshop, and five vacant parcels. The sale was handled by the heirs of Edgar “Red” Roberts Jr., who purchased the property in 2003 with plans for poker tournaments and specialty events. Restoration efforts have been ongoing but face challenges from vandalism and unauthorized entry by ghost hunters and urban explorers, which have hindered progress. The Goldfield Historical Society and local advocates continue to push for the hotel’s restoration to its former glory, emphasizing its historical significance over its haunted reputation.

Conclusion

The Goldfield Hotel is a striking relic of Nevada’s gold rush era, embodying both the ambition and transience of boomtown life. Its Classical Revival architecture and luxurious features reflect a time when Goldfield was Nevada’s largest and wealthiest city. While its haunted reputation—driven by tales of Elizabeth, ghostly children, and other spirits—has made it a magnet for paranormal enthusiasts, these stories are met with skepticism by historians who question their authenticity. As a contributing property to the Goldfield Historic District, the hotel remains a valuable historical asset, with ongoing efforts to preserve and potentially restore it. Whether viewed as a haunted landmark or a monument to Nevada’s past, the Goldfield Hotel continues to captivate visitors and researchers alike.

Recommendations

  • Preservation: Support the Goldfield Historical Society’s restoration efforts through donations or membership to ensure the hotel’s structural integrity and historical value are maintained.
  • Responsible Tourism: Visitors should respect the hotel’s private property status, booking official tours rather than attempting unauthorized access to minimize damage.
  • Historical Research: Encourage further archival research to separate fact from fiction in the hotel’s ghost stories, enhancing its educational value.
  • Community Engagement: Promote Goldfield as a “living ghost town” destination, highlighting the hotel alongside other attractions like the International Car Forest and Gemfield rockhounding to boost sustainable tourism.

Sources

Vanderbilt California – San Bernardino County Ghost Town

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A metal headframe marks a vertical shaft in the mining district outside of Vanderbilt California.
A metal headframe marks a vertical shaft in the mining district outside of Vanderbilt California.

Vanderbilt, California, was a fleeting but vibrant gold mining town located in the New York Mountains near the California-Nevada border, approximately 40 miles north of Goffs, California, within what is now the Mojave National Preserve. Existing primarily between 1891 and 1895, Vanderbilt epitomized the boom-and-bust cycle typical of late 19th-century Western mining settlements. Named optimistically after the wealthy Vanderbilt family in hopes of mirroring their fortune, the town’s history reflects the rapid excitement and subsequent abandonment that characterized many gold rush communities.

Old Plumbing remains in the town of Vanderbilt, CA
Old Plumbing remains in the town of Vanderbilt, CA

Discovery and Founding (1891–1892)

The story of Vanderbilt begins in January 1891, when a Native American prospector named Robert Black discovered gold ore on the north slope of the New York Mountains. This initial strike sparked interest, and a small mining camp soon formed near Vanderbilt Spring, a vital water source in the arid region. The camp remained modest until the fall of 1892, when additional gold-rich veins were uncovered, triggering a rush to the area. By January 1893, the settlement had grown to approximately 150 residents, living in a makeshift community of 50 tents, supported by two stores, a saloon, three restaurants, a lodging house, a blacksmith shop, and a stable.

The town’s name, “Vanderbilt,” was chosen to evoke the prosperity of the prominent American industrialist family, signaling the miners’ ambitions for wealth. The discovery of gold in the Gold Bronze, Sagamore, and Boomerang mines fueled optimism, drawing prospectors, merchants, and adventurers to the remote desert location.

Vanderbilt Business District
Vanderbilt Business District

Peak Prosperity (1893–1894)

Virgil Earp 1843 -1905
Virgil Earp 1843 -1905

Vanderbilt reached its zenith in 1894, with a population estimated at around 400 residents. During this period, the town developed into a bustling hub with a well-defined business district. Historical accounts describe a lively community featuring three saloons, two barbers, a Chinese restaurant, two additional eating houses, two meat markets, a stationery and fruit store, one lodging house, two blacksmiths, and three general stores. William McFarlane, a pioneer from nearby Ivanpah, operated one of these stores, which also housed the post office and a drugstore.

A notable figure associated with Vanderbilt was Virgil Earp, the older brother of Wyatt Earp and a survivor of the infamous Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. According to Earp family historians, Virgil owned the town’s only two-story building, a combination hotel and saloon. His wife, Allie Earp, later recalled that the structure also hosted church services and dances, suggesting a semblance of community life amid the rough mining environment.

In 1894, two ten-stamp mills were constructed to process ore from the Gold Bronze and Boomerang mines, marking the height of Vanderbilt’s industrial activity. These mills were essential for crushing ore and extracting gold, and their completion signaled the town’s economic peak. However, this prosperity was short-lived, as geological challenges soon emerged.

Decline and Abandonment (1895–Late 1890s)

Vanderbilt’s downfall began almost as quickly as its rise. Around the same time the mills were completed in 1894, miners struck water in the shafts of the principal mines. Flooding rendered the underground operations unworkable, halting gold extraction and undermining the town’s economic foundation. Without a sustainable source of wealth, residents began to abandon Vanderbilt, seeking opportunities elsewhere.

By 1895, the population had dwindled significantly, and the once-thriving town faded into obscurity. The exact date of its complete abandonment is unclear, but by the late 1890s, Vanderbilt had become a ghost town. Its brief existence left little behind beyond scattered mining relics, such as a metal headframe marking a vertical shaft, and remnants of old plumbing, which hint at its former activity.

A horizontal mine shaft in Vanderbilt
A horizontal mine shaft in Vanderbilt

Legacy and Modern Context

Today, Vanderbilt lies within the Mojave National Preserve, a protected area that preserves the region’s natural and historical features. The town’s coordinates are approximately 35°19’38.20″N, 115°14’59.14″W, near the modern gambling hub of Primm, Nevada. While no standing structures remain, the site serves as a testament to the transient nature of mining boomtowns in the American West.

Exploring the ghost town of Vanderbilt, CA
Exploring the ghost town of Vanderbilt, CA

Vanderbilt’s history reflects broader themes of the late 19th-century gold rush: speculative ambition, rapid growth fueled by mineral wealth, and abrupt collapse due to environmental and economic realities. Though short-lived, the town contributed to the lore of the Wild West, with its connection to figures like Virgil Earp adding a layer of historical intrigue.

Vanderbilt, California, encapsulates the ephemeral nature of mining settlements in the American frontier. From its founding in 1891 to its peak in 1894 and its decline by 1895, the town’s trajectory mirrors countless others that rose and fell with the fortunes of the earth. Though little remains of Vanderbilt today, its story endures as a snapshot of a bygone era, preserved in historical records and the stark desert landscape it once briefly animated.

Town Summary

Town NameVanderbilt
LocationSan Bernardino County, California
Latitude, Longitude35.327222, -115.249722
Population500
Elevation4350 Feet
NewspaperThe Shaft
Post OfficeFebruary 1893 – 1910

Vanderbilt Trail Map

Further Reading