Category: Resources

Seven Troughs Mining District

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The Seven Troughs Mining District is a historic gold-silver mining area located in the Seven Troughs Range in Pershing County, northwestern Nevada, approximately 35-50 miles northwest of Lovelock and northeast of Reno. It represents a classic early 20th-century Nevada boom-and-bust mining camp, with activity peaking from about 1907 to around 1918-1920, followed by decline and intermittent small-scale operations into the mid-20th century.

Geology

The district is situated in the northwestern Basin and Range province. Mineralization occurs primarily as epithermal vein deposits in Tertiary volcanic host rocks, with gold and silver in quartz veins. The deposits are associated with hydrothermal alteration, including an early pervasive propylitic event (altering rocks to assemblages like chlorite, epidote, and calcite) and later events. Veins are structurally controlled, often along faults or fractures in the volcanic sequences. The Kindergarten vein was particularly notable for high-grade pockets. The area features significant mine dumps and tailings, with historical production focused on rich bonanza-style ore shoots. Modern assessments (e.g., from NBMG and USGS-related maps) highlight potential geothermal ties due to the range’s structure, but primary economic interest remains precious metals.

History and Development

Gold was first discovered in 1905 in Seven Troughs Canyon (named for seven watering troughs built in 1894 by sheepman Frank M. Ward to water livestock). A Lovelock blacksmith named Joe Therien (or similar accounts credit prospectors tracing float) found gold-silver ore while camping. Assays from early finds, particularly on the Fairview claims, revealed exceptionally rich ore—some pockets reportedly running as high as $100,000 per ton in gold and silver values (at early 1900s prices, equivalent to immense wealth today).

News spread rapidly, drawing prospectors from booming areas like Goldfield and Tonopah. The district formalized around 1906-1907, with hundreds of claims staked. Peak activity occurred in 1907-1908, with up to 5,000 people in the area at times. Four main towns sprang up:

  • Seven Troughs (primary and most stable town near the best mines; post office 1907-1918).
  • Vernon (initial hub, established ~1905-1906).
  • Mazuma (at the canyon mouth; devastated by a catastrophic flash flood in 1912 that killed about 20 people and destroyed much of the town).
  • Farrell (smaller camp).

Additional settlements included Tunnel Camp (or New Seven Troughs), developed around a failed 2.5-mile drainage tunnel project in the 1920s-1930s by the Nevada State Gold Mines Company.

A devastating 1912 flood in Seven Troughs Canyon wiped out Mazuma and parts of the infrastructure, contributing to decline. Water in deep workings (flooding mines like Coalition, Seven Troughs, and Mazuma Hills) forced closures despite efforts to drain them. By 1918-1920, major activity ceased, though small operations continued sporadically into the 1950s. The district never connected by railroad despite 1907 plans.

Significant Mines

The district’s production centered on high-grade veins, especially the Kindergarten vein (famous for bonanza ore). Key mines included:

  • Fairview (initial rich discovery; part of Seven Troughs Mining Company).
  • Silver Coalition (or Coalition).
  • Cleghorn.
  • Dixie Queen.
  • Mazuma Hills.
  • Kindergarten (group of leases with spectacular high-grade ore).
  • Others like Seven Troughs and various smaller prospects.

Mine Owners/Operators and Mills

  • Seven Troughs Mining Company (controlled Fairview and other ground).
  • Seven Troughs Coalition Mining Company (operated Coalition properties and built the Coalition Cyanide Plant in 1911 to reprocess Kindergarten tailings).
  • Kindergarten Mill operators (various lessees).
  • Nevada State Gold Mines Company (later tunnel project).

Mills processed ore via stamp mills and cyanide:

  • Kindergarten Mill (10-stamp; first in district, built winter 1907-1908 near Kindergarten vein).
  • Coalition Cyanide Plant (built 1911 below Kindergarten Mill).
  • Mazuma Hills Mill (10-stamp, operated ~1908-1911).
  • Derby Mill (20-stamp in Mazuma).
  • Later efforts included a 50-ton or 100-ton cyanide mill (~1930s in some accounts) and a 5-stamp mill remnant at Tunnel Camp (one of Nevada’s most complete preserved examples).

Production: Money Earned and Tonnage

The district was not a massive producer compared to Nevada giants like Goldfield or Tonopah but featured very high-grade ore. Total historic production (primarily 1907-1955, with most pre-1921) is estimated at around 158,468 ounces of gold and 995,876 ounces of silver, grading roughly 35.6 g/t gold and 223.9 g/t silver overall.

Cumulative value is commonly reported as about $2 million in gold (1908-1921 period; some sources extend to ~$2-2.3 million total precious metals). This equates to substantial returns given high per-ton values (e.g., ore at $600/ton or far higher in bonanzas). Tonnage specifics are less detailed but include roughly 1 million tons of combined mine and mill dumps remaining today. Individual high-grade shipments drove much of the value rather than bulk low-grade ore.

The Seven Troughs District exemplifies Nevada’s ephemeral boom camps—rich but short-lived, shaped by geology, floods, and economics—leaving behind ghost town remnants, mill foundations, and mine workings still visible in the remote desert landscape.

Bullfrog Mining District

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The Bullfrog Mining District is located in the Bullfrog Hills of Nye County, southwestern Nevada, near the town of Beatty and close to the eastern edge of Death Valley. It lies in a desert basin surrounded by volcanic hills, about 120 miles northwest of Las Vegas.

Geology

The district is part of the southern Walker Lane trend, characterized by brittle deformation in upper-plate volcanic rocks due to detachment faulting and associated dip-slip and strike-slip displacements. The primary host rocks are Tertiary volcanic units, including rhyolitic flows and tuffs (such as rhyolite No. 1 and No. 2, with interbedded limestone in places). Ore deposits are epithermal, featuring quartz-calcite veins with micron-sized gold, often in stockworks. Oxidation is widespread, with pyrite altering to limonite, calcite partially dissolving, and manganese oxides developing. Native gold (alloyed with silver) dominates, with some cerargyrite (horn silver) in richer zones; minor sulfides like pyrite, chalcocite, or galena occur locally. Veins are typically fine-grained quartz intergrown with calcite, and ores range from high-grade surface bonanzas ($100–$700/ton initially) to lower-grade milling material (often <$15/ton average).

History and Early Development

Gold was discovered on August 9, 1904, by prospectors Frank “Shorty” Harris and Ernest “Ed” Cross (or Eddie Cross), who located the Original Bullfrog Mine on a prominent quartz outcrop with green-stained ore (possibly inspiring the “Bullfrog” name due to color or shape). Assays showed high values up to $700/ton or more. The rush followed discoveries at Tonopah and Goldfield, spurring prospecting in the region. Claims quickly covered the area, and tent camps emerged.

Towns sprang up rapidly:

  • Bullfrog (near the original discovery, adjoined Rhyolite later).
  • Rhyolite (laid out in February 1905, became the main town and “metropolis” of the district; peaked at 3,500–5,000 residents in 1907–1908 with amenities like electricity, water, telephones, newspapers, a hospital, school, opera house, and stock exchange).
  • Beatty (4 miles east, on the Amargosa River; survives today as the only lasting settlement).
  • Others like Amargosa City (early tent camp, abandoned) and Bonanza.

Transportation improved with railroads: Las Vegas & Tonopah, Bullfrog Goldfield, and Tonopah & Tidewater lines connected the area.

The district boomed briefly but declined after rich surface ores depleted and deeper mining faced issues like litigation (e.g., at Montgomery-Shoshone) and lower grades. Early production (pre-1911) focused on high-grade shipping ore.

Significant Mines, Owners, and Mills

  • Original Bullfrog Mine — Discovered 1904 by Harris and Cross; minor early production; some chalcocite noted.
  • Montgomery-Shoshone Mine (most important) — Discovered 1904; underground to 700 ft; owned by Montgomery-Shoshone Consolidated Mining Company (litigation delayed early work); later bought by industrialist Charles M. Schwab (1906), who invested in infrastructure. A 300-ton-per-day cyanidation mill processed ore; produced ~67,000 gold equivalent ounces from ~141,000 tons (1907–1911, average ~0.48 oz/ton gold).
  • Polaris Mine (adjacent) — Produced ~4,900 oz gold from ~9,500 tons (~0.52 oz/ton).
  • Others: Bullfrog, Gibraltar, Tramps groups; Bonanza Mountain; Ladd Mountain areas.

Early mills included the Montgomery-Shoshone cyanidation mill (key for processing lower-grade ore).

Through 1911, the district produced ~94,000 oz gold (mostly early high-grade).

Later Production (Modern Era)

Minor activity post-1911 until modern exploration in the 1980s. St. Joe American explored from 1982; Bond International Gold (later acquired by LAC Minerals, then Barrick Gold in 1994) developed the Barrick Bullfrog Mine (open-pit and underground from 1989–1999). A ~9,000-tpd cyanidation mill/heap leach processed ore. Total modern production: ~2,328,852–2,313,643 oz gold and ~2.5–3 million oz silver from ~28.8 million tons ore (average ~0.081 oz/ton gold).

Overall Production, Tonnage, and Value

Early phase (1904–1911): Focused on high-grade; total ~94,000 oz gold. For 1907: 9,050 tons ore yielding $207,538 (~$132,428 gold, $74,991 silver, minor Cu/Pb). 1907–1910: ~$1,687,792 total value.

Full historical (pre-modern): ~112,000 oz gold and ~869,000 oz silver (1905–1921 estimates).

Modern (1989–1999): ~2.3+ million oz gold from ~28–29 million tons ore.

The district’s early boom contributed to Nevada’s economic revival post-1900, despite its short-lived peak. Rhyolite became a famous ghost town, while Beatty persists. Recent projects (e.g., Augusta Gold’s Bullfrog Gold Project) explore remaining resources in the area.

Ghost Town Living: Mining for Purpose and Chasing Dreams at the Edge of Death Valley

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Ghost Town Living: Mining for Purpose and Chasing Dreams at the Edge of Death Valley written by Brent Underwood
Ghost Town Living: Mining for Purpose and Chasing Dreams at the Edge of Death Valley written by Brent Underwood

The siren song of Cerro Gordo, a desolate ghost town perched high above Death Valley, has seduced thousands since the 1800s, but few fell harder for it than Brent Underwood, who moved there in March of 2020, only to be immediately snowed in and trapped for weeks.

It had once been the largest silver mine in California. Over $500 million worth of ore was pulled from the miles of tunnels below the town. Butch Cassidy, Mark Twain, and other infamous characters of the American West were rumored to have stayed there. Newspapers reported a murder a week. But that was over 150 years ago.

Underwood bet his life savings—and his life—on this majestic, hardscrabble town that had broken its fair share of ambitious men and women. What followed were fires, floods, earthquakes, and perhaps strangest, fame. Ghost Town Living tells the story of a man against the elements, a forgotten historic place against the modern world, and a dream against all odds—one that has captured millions of followers around the world.

He came looking for a challenge different from the traditional 9-5 job but discovered something much more fulfilling—an undertaking that would call on all of himself and push him beyond what he knew he was capable of. In fact, to bring this abandoned town back to life, Brent had to learn a wealth of new self-sufficiency and problem-solving skills from many generous mentors.

Ghost Town Living is a thrilling read, but it’s also a call to action—to question our too-practical lives and instead seek adventure, build something original, redefine work, and embrace the unknown. It shows what it means to dedicate your life to something, to take a mighty swing at a crazy idea and, like the cardsharps who once haunted Cerro Gordo, go all in.

About the Author

Brent Underwood is the owner of Cerro Gordo, an original boomtown silver mine, established in 1865. He is also the creator of “GhostTownLiving” where he chronicles his adventures on YouTube. Brent currently lives on the mountain above Death Valley with no running water, seven cats, six goats, and at least one ghost.

Book Summary

TitleDeath Valley Gold Rush (Images of Ghost Town Living: Mining for Purpose and Chasing Dreams at the Edge of Death Valley
AuthorBrent Underwood
PublisherHarmony Publishing
Pages228 Pages

The Curse of the Dutchman’s Gold by Helen Corbin

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The Curse of the Dutchman's Gold by Helen Corbin
The Curse of the Dutchman’s Gold by Helen Corbin

Helen Corbin’s The Curse of the Dutchman’s Gold is the first book I have read on Jacob Watlz’s mine. The book does an excellent job of documenting the history of the most enduring legends of the American Southwest: the tale of the Lost Dutchman’s Mine. Nestled in the rugged Superstition Mountains of Arizona, the story of this elusive treasure has captivated adventurers, historians, and treasure hunters for over a century. Corbin’s book offers a comprehensive exploration of the legend, blending historical research, folklore, and personal accounts to create a rich narrative that is both informative and enthralling.

Engaging Narrative and Rich Historical Context

Corbin excels in setting the stage, providing a detailed historical context that enriches the reader’s understanding of the legend. She meticulously traces the origins of the Lost Dutchman’s Mine, starting with the enigmatic figure of Jacob Waltz, the “Dutchman” himself. Through Corbin’s vivid storytelling, Waltz comes to life as a complex character, shrouded in mystery and intrigue. The book doesn’t merely recount the legend; it delves into the socio-economic backdrop of the time, exploring the broader context of mining booms and the cultural tapestry of the American West.

Meticulous Research and Diverse Perspectives

One of the book’s strengths is its thorough research. Corbin has sifted through an array of sources, from historical documents and old maps to interviews with contemporary treasure hunters. This diligent research is evident in the depth and breadth of information presented. Corbin also presents various theories about the mine’s location and the curse supposedly protecting it, offering multiple perspectives that allow readers to form their own opinions. The inclusion of personal anecdotes and firsthand accounts adds a layer of authenticity and immediacy to the narrative.

Captivating and Atmospheric Descriptions

The author’s descriptive prowess shines as she brings the Superstition Mountains to life. Her descriptions of the harsh yet beautiful landscape create a vivid backdrop for the story, immersing the reader in the treacherous and alluring terrain where the legend unfolds. Corbin’s ability to convey the atmosphere of the mountains—their eerie stillness, the rugged beauty, and the palpable sense of mystery—enhances the overall reading experience.

Corbin strikes a balance between entertaining storytelling and scholarly analysis. While she doesn’t shy away from the more fantastical elements of the legend, she also provides a critical examination of the myths surrounding the Lost Dutchman’s Mine. This balanced approach allows readers to enjoy the story as a captivating legend while appreciating the rigorous historical inquiry that underpins the narrative.

The Curse of the Dutchman’s Gold is a compelling read that will appeal to history enthusiasts, treasure hunters, and anyone fascinated by the mysteries of the American West. Helen Corbin’s ability to weave together historical facts, folklore, and personal stories results in a book that is as informative as it is engaging. By the end of the journey, readers will find themselves not only more knowledgeable about the legend of the Lost Dutchman’s Mine but also deeply immersed in the enigmatic allure of the Superstition Mountains.

Whether you’re a skeptic or a believer in the legendary treasure, The Curse of the Dutchman’s Gold offers a captivating exploration of one of America’s most intriguing mysteries.

Book Summary

TitleThe Curse of the Dutchman’s Gold by Helen Corbin
AuthorHelen Corbin
PublisherFox West Publisher
Pages237 Pages

Field Guide to the Birds of North America

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Field Guide to the Birds of North America - Third Edition
Field Guide to the Birds of North America – Third Edition

The “Field Guide to the Birds of North America” was first introduced to me by my brother, who is a Field Biologist for San Bernardino County. At the time, the two of us were camping along the 395 Highway on the Eastern Sierra, He brought his copy in the hopes of seeing some new bird species. After a few days of camping, we stopped at the visitors center at Mono Lake where I purchased by copy. Since then, this book is taken on every trip I take out of the city.

My copy of the third edition features over 800 species of birds all organized by family. The description for each bird contains an illustration by sex, descriptions and distribution map along with many variations and subspecies.

The 7th edition currently contains a total of 1,023 species, which is roughly 20% more than my much older copy. The latest version contains revisions in taxonomy revised to reflect the radical new American Ornithological Society taxonomy established in 2016. The update of taxonomy is the reason for the additions, so at some point I will break down to purchase the new version.

Whenever I go on a trip, I pull out the maps that I will need to explore the area. I also look for a bird watching checklist which typically contain a list of bird known to be in the area. These lists will make it dramatically easier narrow down birds you are looking for, and help in your identification.

Bird Watching

People engage in birdwatching for a multitude of reasons, each deeply personal and rewarding I personally enjoy listening to the birds while camping:

  1. Appreciation of Nature: Birdwatching allows people to connect with the natural world, fostering a deeper appreciation for the beauty and diversity of birds and their habitats.
  2. Relaxation and Stress Relief: Spending time in nature has been shown to reduce stress and promote relaxation. Birdwatching provides an opportunity to escape the hustle and bustle of daily life and immerse oneself in the peacefulness of natural surroundings.
  3. Physical Activity: Birdwatching often involves walking or hiking, providing a gentle form of exercise that can improve cardiovascular health and overall well-being.
  4. Mental Stimulation: Identifying birds and learning about their behaviors, habitats, and calls can be mentally stimulating and intellectually rewarding.
  5. Community and Social Connection: Birdwatching can be a social activity, providing opportunities to connect with like-minded individuals who share a passion for birds and the environment.
  6. Conservation Awareness: Birdwatching can foster a sense of environmental stewardship by raising awareness about the importance of preserving habitats and protecting bird species and their ecosystems.
  7. Adventure and Exploration: Birdwatching often takes enthusiasts to new and exciting locations, encouraging exploration and a sense of adventure.
  8. Photography and Artistic Expression: Many birdwatchers enjoy capturing images of birds through photography or expressing their observations through various forms of artistic expression, such as drawing or painting.

Overall, birdwatching offers a myriad of benefits that cater to both physical and mental well-being while fostering a deeper connection to the natural world.

Book Summary

NameField Guide to the Birds of North America
AuthorJonathon Alderfer
PublisherNational Geographic
Edition7th Edition
Pages592 Pages

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